"s for various arguments that Black English displays African or creole roots because of the role that aspect plays in its grammar (e.g., DeBose and Faraclas 1993), the issue is in fact not yet sufficiently examined to stand as an accepted fact. by Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie. Elsevier, 2009 ( Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, ed. Today you can still hear in normal everyday conversations such African retentions as buckra 'white man,' tita 'elder sister,' dada 'mother or elder sister,' nyam 'eat/meat,' sa 'quickly,' benne 'sesame,' una 'you,' and da the verb 'to be.' Other Gullah Africanisms such as cooter 'turtle,' tote 'to carry,' okra 'plant food,' gumbo 'stew,' and goober 'peanut' are widely used in mainstream American English." From his research conducted in the late 1930s, Lorenzo Turner was the first linguist to document over 4000 Africanisms in the Gullah lexicon, many of them used as basket names (e.g. "The Gullah lexicon is largely English. (A Gullah proverb, from The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, 2005) "On possible to get straight wood from crooked timber." Mufwene, "North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts," in The Workings of Language, ed. Of all the vernaculars associated with African Americans, it is the one that diverges the most from (White) middle-class varieties in North America." "The English variety spoken by descendants of Africans on the coast of South Carolina is known as Gullah and has been identified as a creole.
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